Cultural Studies-Types of Cultural Studies

Cultural Studies-Types of Cultural Studies

No.	Types of Cultural Studies	Major Writers and their Works	Thoughts Ideas Concepts	Examples
1	British Cultural Materialism	Matthew Arnold Edward Burnett’s Pioneering anthropology study “Primitive Culture” [1871] Claude Levi-Strauss [work –The Raw and the Cooked in 1975] Raymond William [ work – Culture, and society in 1958] [Work – Marxism, and literature in 1973] F .R. Leavis [Revolution: Tradition and Development in 1936] Gramsci Antonio [an Italian Marxist] [work – Selections From the Prison Notebooks in 1971] Louis Althusser [ work -  for Marx in 1969] Walter Benjamin [work – Illumination in 1968] Lukacs Gyory [Work: The Theory of the Novel in 1920]	v  Redefine the “givens” of British Culture v  Analyses of bourgeois Culture v  Culture or Civilization, taken in its widest ethnographic sense, is a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. v  To attribute Culture the Working Class as well as the elite v  “There are no masses; there are only ways of seeing [other] people as masses. v  Promoted the “Great Tradition” of Shakespeare and Milton to improve the moral v  The concept of Cultural “hegemony”- dominant of Something on other like Male-centric Ideas, not Female-Centric His Idea was “carrying the baggage of culture ‘s Ideology” Whereas “High” literature retained more autonomy and hence had more power v  The “aura” of Culture and he explains the frightening cultural context for a Film such as Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the will [1935]. v  “Reflection Theory” Fiction formed without a sense of such reflection can never fully show the meaning of a given Society.	Class Vs Mass [class - few people ; Mass - Crows ] v  Ramayana teaches us male Hegemony v  Pink movie: Problem of other Gender Movie: Naam Shabana, Terrorist Movie: Mardaani – Search for a missing teenage girl [The concept of Hegemony broken here ] Gabbar is Back: Movie Movie: Singham Serial: Ye hai Mohabatain, The Serial Shows Two types of cultures like Panjabi and South.
2	New Historicism	Joseph Litvak [Work: Back to the Future: A Review in 1988] Michael Warner [Work: Literary Studies and the History of the book in 1987] Hayden White [Work: Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in nineteenth-century Europe in 1973] Michel Foucault [Work – Discipline and Punish ] Stephen Greenblatt [Work: Towards a Poetics of Culture ]	v  “Some hypothetical survey of late twentieth –century criticism might well characterize the 1980s as marking the Return to history “ v  Phrases new historicism’s motto as, “The text is historical, and history is textual”.[History – evidence-based, textual – Imagination] v Relationship between the present and past tropes are shaped by historical discourses. v  Idea of a broad “totalizing” function of culture observable in its literary texts, which Foucault called the “episteme” v  “literature is not universal “ The term “New Historicism” First Used by him	Movie: Veer Radha’s Character in Past and in present Discourse Mahabharata and Ramayan
3 4 5	American Multiculturalism 1.       African American Writers : 2.       Latina/o Writers : 3.       American Indian Literature : 4.       Asian American Writers : Post Modernism and  Popular culture 1. Post Modernism Postcolonial Studies	Richard Lewontin Henry Louis Gates [Work: Race, Writing and different ] Ralph Ellison [Work: Shadow and Act in 1964] W.E.B. DuBois [Work : The soul of Black Folk in 1903] Bernard Bell [Work : The Afro-Anerican Novel and Its Tradition in 1987] Gloria Anzaldua [Work : Borderands ] Juan Flores and George Yudice [Work : Living Borders /Buscando American : Language of Latino self-Formation ] Velie Alan R. [Work : American Indian literature ; a brief Introduction and Anthology] Maxine Hong Kigston’s The Woman Worrier : memories of a girlhood among Ghosts [1976] illustrates. Henry james (The art of fiction) Jean Francois Lyotard Edward Said Gayatri chakravorty Spivak Homi K. Bhabha	Found that most genetic differences were within racial groups, not between them. Focusing on the word “race” Urged Black writers to trust their own experiences and definitions of Reality. He also upheld folklore as a source of creativity ; it was what “Black people had before they knew, there was such a thing as art”. Concept of “Harlem Renaissance Display a folkloric conception of humankind; a “double consciousness”. Review of some primary feature of African American writing and compare value system . Demonstrates how Latinas live Between –Between two countries, between Cultures and within cultures. Discovery of American transforms the ocean into a frontier that Europeans might cross to get a new world The map for Latina/os is a “Cultural map which is all border”. Assuming that the geeks of the Iliad and the Odyssey v  Using new techniques drawn from psychology, experimented with point of view, time, space, and  stream of consciousness writing. v  He argues that the stability is maintained through “Grand narratives “ or “Master narratives “. v  “Concept of orientalism “. v  Theory of “Subaltern “. v  Post colonialism theory involves analysis of nationality, ethnicity and politics with poststructuralist ideas of identity and indeterminacy, defining postcolonial identities as shifting, hybrid constructions.	Racism between Black and White Movie : Vice movie focusing on this Ides For example , Zora Neale Hurstin’s reliance upon folklore . Novel : Black Skin White Mask by Frantz Fanon American has to share anything like the experience of American Black, For example like slavery and Kidnapping. Different Sates has their different culture for Example , the culture of the south and the culture of India is Different . For example Mexican People